Meat And Cancer – Country Comparisons
Most scientists agree that a high intake of meat, particularly red meat, increases an individuals risk of developing certain forms of cancer however there is uncertainty over the extent of the link between the two. Comparing cancer rates and meat consumption across different countries provides some interesting insight on the link between meat consumption and cancer. The table below shows the ten countries with the highest and lowest levels of meat consumption per capita.
Country | Meat Consumption Per Capita (kg) |
Cancer Rate (Per 100,000/year) |
GDP Per Capita (PPP) |
---|---|---|---|
Uruguay | 126.5 | 400.9 | $15,113 |
USA | 124 | 428.8 | $48,387 |
Cyprus | 117.6 | 252.2 | $29,074 |
Spain | 113.1 | 342.5 | $30,626 |
Denmark | 112.4 | 464.6 | $37,152 |
New Zealand | 109.9 | 442.5 | $27,668 |
Australia | 108.9 | 448.5 | $40,234 |
Canada | 101.1 | 423.7 | $40,541 |
France | 99.9 | 429.0 | $35,156 |
Ireland | 99.4 | 452.8 | $39,639 |
… | … | … | … |
Sierra Leone | 5.4 | 147.2 | $849 |
Congo | 5.2 | 127.7 | $348 |
Mozambique | 5.2 | 173.7 | $1,085 |
Sri Lanka | 4.8 | 154.2 | $5,674 |
Rwanda | 4.8 | 178.9 | $1,341 |
India | 4.6 | 139.2 | $3,694 |
Malawi | 4.5 | 208.1 | $860 |
Guinea | 4.2 | 127.4 | $1,083 |
Burundi | 3.9 | 175.7 | $615 |
Bangladesh | 3.2 | 176.5 | $1,693 |
Clearly high meat consuming countries have higher cancer rates than countries with low meat consumption however the association is complicated by the fact that high meat consuming countries also tend to be high income countries.
High income countries generally have higher cancer rates than low income countries. There are a variety of reasons for this, many unrelated to meat consumption. For example smoking, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle, are all risk factors for cancer that are more prevalent in high income countries than in developing countries. Furthermore, many cases of cancer go undetected in low-income countries due to a lack of screening programs and poor access to healthcare facilities.
The graph below shows cancer incidence and meat intake after adjustment for GDP per capita. Countries to the right of the vertical axis have higher than expected levels of meat consumption given their income while countries above the horizontal axis have higher than expected cancer rates given their income level.
![Meat consumption and cancer risk adjusted for income](http://healthhubs.net/images/cancer-meat.gif)
As can be seen from the graph, even after adjustment of income, high meat consuming countries have much higher cancer rates. Uruguay for example consumes about 95% more meat than would be expected given its income level and has cancer rates more than 40% higher than expected. Mongolia, New Zealand, Denmark, and Australia also have high levels of meat consumption and correspondingly high cancer rates.
On the other end of the spectrum, in India almost half of the population doesn’t eat any meat at all for religious and cultural reasons and as a result, meat consumption is about 90% lower than expected given its income level. Cancer rates in India are also very low – about 40% lower than expected and a massive 68% lower than the age-adjusted rate in the United States. Other countries with relatively low levels of meat consumption include, Japan, Austria, Norway, Turkey, Maldives, South Korea, and Bangladesh. With the exception of South Korea, cancer rates in these countries are much lower than expected.
While the above graph is a relatively simplistic calculation that doesn’t take into account other risk factors for cancer such as country-specific smoking rates, the consistency of the trend across a variety of countries and at different income levels strongly suggests that a high intake of meat plays a significant role in the development of cancer. The trend line on the graph above suggests that a 10% increase in meat intake results in an approximate 5% increase in cancer risk.
Epidemiological studies have produced similar results, this recent study of more than 100,000 men and women from the USA found that those in the top 20% for red meat consumption had a 19% higher cancer risk and a 40% greater risk of cardiovascular disease than those in the bottom 20% for red meat consumption.
A 2009 study, published in the British Journal of Cancer, followed more than 30,000 meat eaters and 20,000 vegetarians from Britain over an average follow up period of 12 years and found that vegetarians were 12% less likely to develop cancer than their meat eating counterparts. Interestingly, risks were significantly lower for forms of cancer not traditionally associated with meat eating such as leukemia and multiple myeloma.
There are several explanations for the link between meat and cancer: Meat is a concentrated source of calories due to an absence of fiber, a relatively low water content, and high amount of fat. As a result, heavy meat eaters tend to consume more calories per day and are therefore at a greater risk of becoming overweight and obese. Obesity is a risk factor for a variety of cancers including post-menopausal breast cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and endometrial cancer.
Those who consume large quantities of meat also tend to have lower intakes of fruit, vegetables, whole-grains, and fiber. High consumption of these may exert a protective effect against a variety of cncers, particularly cancers of the digestive tract.
Cooked red meat contains a variety of potentially carcinogenic compounds including heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Processed meats also have high levels of nitrates and nitrites which are used in the process of curing meat and have been potentially linked to a variety of cancers, particularly bladder and pancreatic cancer.
The World Cancer Research Fund currently recommends individuals limit red meat consumption to 500g cooked red meat a week (approx. 3 servings).
........ 구글 번역 결과,
고기와 암 - 국가 비교
국가 | 육류 소비 인당 (kg) |
암 비율 (100,000 / 연간) |
GDP 인당 (PPP) |
---|---|---|---|
우루과이 | 126.5 | 400.9 | 1만5천1백13달러 |
미국 | (124) | 428.8 | 4만8천3백87달러 |
키프로스 | 117.6 | 252.2 | 2만9천74달러 |
스페인 | 113.1 | 342.5 | 30,626달러 |
덴마크 | 112.4 | 464.6 | 37,152달러 |
뉴질랜드 | 109.9 | 442.5 | 27,668달러 |
호주 | 108.9 | 448.5 | 40,234달러 |
캐나다 | 101.1 | 423.7 | 40,541달러 |
프랑스 | 99.9 | 429.0 | 3만5천1백56달러 |
아일랜드 | 99.4 | 452.8 | 39,639달러 |
... | ... | ... | ... |
시에라 리온 | 5.4 | 147.2 | 849달러 |
콩고 | 5.2 | 127.7 | 3백48달러 |
모잠비크 | 5.2 | 173.7 | 1,085달러 |
스리랑카 | 4.8 | 154.2 | 5천6백74달러 |
르완다 | 4.8 | 178.9 | 1천3백41달러 |
인도 | 4.6 | 139.2 | 3천6백94달러 |
말라위 | 4.5 | 208.1 | 8백60달러 |
기니 | 4.2 | 127.4 | 1,083달러 |
부룬디 | 3.9 | 175.7 | 615달러 |
방글라데시 | 3.2 | 176.5 | 1,693달러 |
![육식과 암 위험 소득 조정](http://healthhubs.net/images/cancer-meat.gif)
암 영국 저널
, 30,000 개 이상의 고기 먹는 사람과 12 년 평균 추적 관찰 기간 동안 영국에서 20,000 채식을 따라 채식주의 자들은 육식 대응보다 암을 개발하는 12 % 덜 것을 발견했다. 흥미롭게도, 위험은 백혈병과 다발성 골수종 등 전통적으로 육식과 관련이없는 암의 형태에 대한 유의하게 낮았다.섬유 인해, 비교적 낮은 수분 함량 및 지방의 많은 양의 부재로 고기 칼로리 농축 자료 : 고기와 암 사이의 링크에 대한 몇몇 설명이있다. 그 결과, 무거운 고기 먹는 사람은 하루에 더 많은 칼로리를 소비하는 경향이 과체중과 비만이되는 더 큰 위험에 따라서 수 있습니다. 비만은 폐경 후 유방암, 대장 암, 췌장암, 자궁 내막 암을 비롯한 암의 다양한 위험 인자이다.고기의 많은 양을 소비하는 사람들은 또한 과일, 야채, 전체 곡물 및 섬유의 낮은 섭취를하는 경향이있다. 이들의 높은 소비 cncers, 소화 기관 특히 암의 다양한에 대한 보호 효과를 발휘 할 수 있습니다.요리 붉은 고기는 헤테로 고리 아민과 다환 방향족 탄화수소를 포함하는 잠재적 발암 다양한 화합물이 포함되어 있습니다. 가공육 또한 고기의 경화 공정에 사용되는 잠재적 암, 특히 방광과 췌장암의 다양한 링크 된 질산염과 아질산염의 높은 수준을 갖는다.세계 암 연구 기금은 현재 개인이 500g 조리 된 육류 주 (약. 3 인분)에 붉은 육류 소비를 제한하는 것이 좋습니다.
-
스스로 `自`2014.12.16 12:11
육류 소비가 많으면 소득이 높은 국가일 가능성이 크고.. 그런 나라는 흡연 등 암유발요인이 커지고 야채소비가 적으니 암 발생이 크다는 것.
'실천 > 전달(교육강의)의 Tip, 2014.1.~' 카테고리의 다른 글
一以貫之 (0) | 2014.12.18 |
---|---|
공무원이 뽑은 명강사 (0) | 2014.12.18 |
씨밀레·아띠… 辭典에도 없는 말 (0) | 2014.12.09 |
미국의 주요 식품안전 기관 (0) | 2014.07.11 |
해외에서 쇼핑할 때 현금 또는 카드 중에 어느 것이 유리할까? (0) | 2013.11.22 |
댓글